杂乱的书桌 » 学习

Gigapedia，想下载电子书的来这里！,

Hugh — Sun, 12 Apr 2009 23:49:12 +0000

有很多的朋友在我之前的一篇文章下面留言，寻找电子书，当然基本上都是数学系的朋友了，我虽然已经回复并且发给很多朋友一些电子书了，不过一方面由于自己保存的电子书也是有限，另一方面几十MB的东西有时候无论发还是收都有点麻烦。

今天主要是为了推荐给大家这个网站: gigapedia.org 。相信有了这个网站之后，在我博客里面留言的朋友会越来越少，不过大家能够找到的电子书会越来越多。gigapedia最初是Jeff同学推荐给我的，现在也是我觉得最好的一个寻找并且下载电子书的地方了，对于在外留学可是又不舍得花钱买书的朋友，这里应该是个理想的去处，在我看来，数学方面的多数书籍，如果你在这里找不到电子版的话，基本上你就老老实实去买本书好了。

还是应该简单的说一些使用的方法，首先，你需要做的就是注册一个帐号，之后你就可以享用这里无限的资源了。当你需要查找某本书的时候，使用页面右上角的搜索栏，需要注意的时候，把搜索栏选择为gigapedia，而不是默认的google，你可以选择搜索作者的名字或者书名，搜索的结果会将书名，作者以及封面都显示出来。点击你想要下载的书籍，（先不要着急，要找到下载的地址还需要一定的时间），新的页面里面会出现四个tab，分别是description, links, comments, tags, 我们可以在links这个标签下面找到下载链接，需要注意的是，很多时候会有两个甚至更多的链接，接下来你可以查看下上传时间以及comments里面的评论，选择最好的一个链接来下载。基本上这些书都是存放在rapidshare或者ifile这些网络硬盘的站点，我们可以作为免费用户进行下载，只是有一定限制而已，如果你每次只是找一本书的话一点问题都没有。不过相比而言，ifile要更好一些，因为两次下载之间没有时间限制，而rapidshare会需要你等待10几分钟之后才可以再次下载。

gigapedia当然并不仅仅是有数学方面的书籍，这里能找到的书籍简直无法想象，所以如果你的朋友也在找电子书的话，不妨推荐给他。现在看来，美国数学系用的研究生教材，在这里多数都可以找到，希望这个网站会出现在更多朋友的收藏夹里面。

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确定每天的学习时间

Hugh — Sat, 11 Oct 2008 10:00:44 +0000

前两天在《如何克服短暂的厌学情绪》里提到了一些学习过程中如何休息的内容，在去年的一篇文章《如何管理你的学习时间》里面讲了管理学习时间的问题，今天有个关于“如何选择学习时间”的想法。对于选择学习时间，我想说的意思就是是在每天在固定的某些时间学习，还是说想学习的时候就开始坐下来学习。当然我谈论这个是在说自己是学生的基础之上了。

这个想法是在自己总结最近一个月的学习时产生的。拿我自己来说，每天到了办公室之后，除了上课的时间，就是坐在那里看看书，做做作业，与此同时可能和其他人聊聊天或者在网上看看新闻都有可能。晚上到了家之后也是，电脑打开，然后在一旁开始看书写作业。基本情况就是这样，但是在这样的节奏当中我发现了一些问题，所以我在想究竟怎么样才是好的呢？大概分为这样两类情况，大家看看我的想法。

没有特定的学习时间

这也是我自己一直的做法，可是说学习和休息是随意交叉的，也可以说没有休息时间，甚至可以说一直是在休息。这样的学习方式让我发现了有些问题：

在某种程度上降低了学习效率。。两者的交叉混乱反而使得学习的时候效率不高，因为没有完全集中精力，因为在学习的同时，可能还有一些分散注意力的事情在干扰我们。同时因为不知道什么时候该停下来休息，就会使我们觉得没有个deadline来加强自己的紧迫感。
无法保证自己的休息时间。在这种状态下，通常我们不知道什么时候该去休息，而是不停地纠结在某个问题上，从而破坏了休息时间。就算休息也是觉得累了不想看了，就会休息下，没有什么规律的。这样也导致了我这一周只去了一次健身，本来的打算是至少三次的。
可能总的学习时间会比较长。感觉上是这样的，会给自己一种每天都在学习的感觉。但是我们考虑的不应该是总的学习时间，而是有效的学习时间，或是学习的效果如何，但是这个指标似乎还不好衡量，有待我的实践情况。

给自己规定某个时间段为学习时间。

从我的设想上来看，这样应该好一些。我们可以在每天早上根据当天的作业任务，课程安排来确定下自己的学习时间，将某些时间段作为学习时间，并且同时制定好自己的休息时间。好处也是显而易见的：

可以集中精力在学习上面。确定好了学习时间之后，那么在这些时间段内学习就是唯一的事情，我们可以避免其他任何可能的干扰，选择合适的地方，比如图书馆。在一个小时或者两个小时的时间里完全投入到学习中去。
更有动力来提高效率。在我个人来讲，如果我知道我在这个学习时间段结束之后，会有休息的时间，我可以去健身，可以上网放松下，我会更加没有杂念的投入到学习中去。不知道你们会不会也这么想？
保证了学习时间和休息时间。两者都是提前确定好的，到了时间就做该做的事情，这样保证了两个时间都会被利用到，而我们需要做的只是根据当前的课业负担调整自己的时间分配好了。在这里面，保证休息时间是很重要的，毕竟我们的生活并不全是学习。

这么相比下来，似乎我已经把后者当作比较好的方式了，不过也只是我自己的一个思考。我准备尝试一下后面的这样方式，提前确定好自己每天的学习时间，也同时安排好休息时间，甚至学习内容和休息内容，看看是否能收到更好的效果。我想很多朋友可能早就在这样做了，估计是我自己比较笨比较落后，从来没有去考虑过这样的问题，如果大家有什么好的建议，多多告诉我，多多帮助我！

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整理笔记的必要性？

Hugh — Wed, 08 Oct 2008 00:27:01 +0000

其实关于笔记的话题，应该写过一些了，包括做笔记的工具-《15款工具帮你更好的做笔记》，包括做笔记的方法-《也谈如何做笔记》。这次不是关于做笔记，而是关于整理笔记的问题，希望听听大家怎么看。

其实我知道这种问题本来是因人而异的，所以我只是想说说自己的想法。不知道大家一般在课后会不会整理课上的笔记，至少我在以前很长的时间里面从来不去整理笔记，但是对我个人而言，我越来越觉得应该而且必须在课后开始整理笔记了。当然主要原因是因为课程越来越难，课上的内容我自己是没有办法在课上完全理解，更谈不上什么消化这些知识了。所以对我个人而言，重新整理笔记绝对是必要的：

能够让自己重新复习课上内容。对于现在的课程，自己也渐渐的感觉到有些吃力，所以不得不在课后进行复习，而在课后当天马上进行复习毫无疑问是最好的。因此重新整理笔记就变成了督促自己复习一遍的最好的办法。尽量在下课之后，或者在晚上回家之后，拿出今天的笔记，对比课本的内容，整理笔记的同时思考可能遇到的一些问题。
整理笔记能够更好的听课。之所以这么说是因为，课上记笔记毕竟是或多或少的影响听课的，尤其是遇到某些语速极快的教授时。所以在能够看清的基础之上记下尽可能多的内容，无论是黑板上出现的，还是从教授嘴里出现的。课后把这些有些混乱的笔记内容，整理清晰，无论是对复习还是对准备考试，都是非常有帮助的。
帮助你更好的学习课本内容。很多时候我们在课上所学到的仅仅是课本内容的一部分，教授通常会简略的跳过课本上的某些内容，选择性的在Lecture讲述某些概念定理。在这种情况之下，课后自学变得非常重要，而重新整理笔记就会让你意识到哪些内容是讲到的，哪些内容是需要自己重新学习的。
整理笔记让你意识到自己的问题。可能很多问题在课上的时候你认为自己听明白了，所以笔记上没有详细记录，你也没有在课上向老师提问。但是在你整理笔记的时候，你应该思考每个在笔记中出现的问题，如果你发现自己并不是那么明白这个部分的话，那么你就应该好好利用老师的答疑时间或者下节课时提出自己的疑问了。
很多时候你不得不去整理笔记。很多人会把课堂上的笔记写的很好，我自己也是这样，尽量写的清楚。可是事实上在你课后复习的时候，难免要添加某些内容，也许是来自课本，也许是来自reference，笔记上原本有限的空间会被写的有些杂乱。因为整理笔记变成了不得不做的事情。

至于整理笔记的工具，我多数情况下选择纸和笔，当然有些时候会选择Latex，如果非常需要保存下来的话。其实有的时候我在考虑，如果自己足够熟练使用Latex的话，也许直接使用Latex整理笔记会是非常好的选择，希望有一天能够这样吧！

总之很多很多原因，使得整理笔记变成了我每天必做的一件事情，至少在我现在来看效果还是不错的，时间虽然是要消耗一些，但至少重写笔记的过程中我还在思考，不是简单的抄过来抄过去。至少在我个人看来对于学数学来说，这么去做还是非常必要的，毕竟需要思考的时间还是很多的。我不知道工科或者文科会不会也是这样，所以希望听听大家的意见。

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如何克服暂时的厌学情绪

Hugh — Mon, 06 Oct 2008 22:08:54 +0000

晚上在看书的时候莫名的看不进去，这种情况以前也时常遇到，通常都是短暂的厌学，看什么都看不进去，不知道是脑袋里面还是心里面一阵躁动（哈哈，没有什么特殊原因啦！），总之注意力无法集中到读书中来。今天就停下来开始琢磨这个问题。有的时候是因为有些特殊的事情一直在脑中纠缠，这种时候要不你就想明白这些事情，或者干脆选择忘掉；不过有的时候就是象今天这样，很莫名其妙的看不下去，不知道大家平时都会怎样应对这样的情况？

我把自己平时用到的一些方式大概想了想，对我自己来说还是比较有用的。通常都是在家里或者宿舍的时候会遇到这种问题，在学校仿佛少一些吧！需要一提的是，下面这些事情我通常就是按照这样的顺序来做，如果第一条无效，进行第二条，以此类推。无论前面效果如何，最后一条百分之百管用，不过不能直接跳到最后一条哦！

尝试坚持读书或者学习一会。通常这个手段在开始读书或者学习的时候比较奏效，如果你想去看书，却发现很难静下来，那么就逼着自己坐下来看一会。我自己通常在5-10分钟之后就进入状态，不会想站起来了。如果是在学习了一段时间之后，那么这个手段可能并没有那么好的效果，至少对于我来说。
喝杯冰水，让自己冷静下来。这是我最经常做的，通常在家里看书或者学习的时候，我都会接一杯冰水放在旁边，一定要有冰块的！通常在头脑发热，或者心里烦躁的时候，冰水就会有它的功效了。这种方法呢，一般来说还是比较奏效的。其实还有一种类似的手段，就是尽量让自己在稍微冷的环境下学习，记得自己在本科的时候上自习通常都是去全校最大最冷的那个教室，主要原因就是在这种略微寒冷的情况下，人可以保持清醒，另外这种教室通常比较安静，因为人少嘛！不过，注意防止感冒。
做些体育运动，简单的锻炼。这个是我今天晚上用的办法，因为手边的冰水喝完了，就干脆在地上做了30个俯卧撑。我平时简单的锻炼就是说俯卧撑，可能有人认为说锻炼之后心跳加速不是更难冷静下来吗？可是我发觉在20-30个俯卧撑之后好像脑中马上清醒了，精力也能够马上集中起来，也许这个运动的数量级正好合适。大家可以选择自己方便的运动手段，我一直觉得俯卧撑比较好，有点地方就可以做了。
利用音乐或者短片来放松情绪，暂时忘记学习。这个估计是很多朋友都会用的办法，尽量找一些柔和一些的音乐，比如Bandari之类的轻音乐。虽然我相信很多朋友会选择重金属，摇滚一类的音乐，这个本身就是因人而异的东西，何况还有很多人会边听音乐边学习呢，至少我以前是。现在？现在可不行了，会喜欢相对安静一些的环境。除了音乐之外一些轻松搞笑的短片也不错，尽量还是避免连续剧电影这一类，通常一看就停不下来了。
想一些比较有激励作用的事情。记得自己上新东方的时候，特意把那本《新东方精神》保留下来，准备作为激励自己的材料阅读来着。当然后来也确实读过几次，不过还真没有在出现厌学的时候用过这个办法。只是说因为自己看过这些东西之后，会有一种很振奋的感觉，想要努力，想要向上，现在还记得那时看完《新东方精神》的感觉，呵呵！就像你见到一牛人之后，就会想说我也想变成那样，所以我要努力。当然了，能够自我激励便是最好的，否则你可以试试看这个办法。
换个学习内容，让自己的思维转换到别的事情上。这也是一个很平常的手段，甚至在我们很小的时候就知道。只是在我学习的过程中发现，有的时候很难实现，原因也很简单：比如数学系的学生，他从概率换到实变，换到偏微分，终究还是在数学里面，对于大脑没有什么很明显的作用嘛！于是让我说，不如在这个写写博客，哈哈，数字和文字之间转换一下还是不错的。
干脆给自己放假，想怎么玩怎么玩。这就是最后一条啦，屡试不爽，相信对你也一定奏效了！我只是想说，尽量还是不要这样的好，偶尔使用一下必杀就可以了，否则难免伤到自己啊！

不知道大家平时遇到这个问题都怎么办呢？如果你也有应对这个问题的技巧，不妨分享一下！这样我下次也可以尝试一下了。

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如何利用乘车的时间

Hugh — Sun, 05 Oct 2008 14:21:09 +0000

今天坐在这里半天，发现自己的效率很低，于是开始想写点什么。到了美国这边之后，因为还没有买车，所以每天都是坐校车往返，等车加上坐车的时间每天肯定超过一个小时。于是自己也想了很久怎么去利用这一个小时的时间，毕竟只是坐在那里发呆是一件很傻的事情。其实无论你是坐车，开车，还是走路上学上班，总会有一些时间是耽误在路上的，所以好好想想这件事情还是有必要的。随便列出几条自己平时在做的事情，抛砖引玉啦，大家如果有什么好的想法，我可以学习一下！

闭上眼睛，多睡一会。这绝对是一件非常实际的事情。随着冬天的到来，好像更容易赖床，被迫起来之后，毕竟不是一件很爽的事情，何况像我这种12点多睡觉，6点起床的……如果你真的很困，车上的20多分钟绝对能起到效果。当然了，回家的路上也是一样，在学校呆了超过12小时之后，我已经多次在回家的校车上睡了过去。至少这样短暂的休息之后，能够让你在晚上的三四个小时效率有所提升。总觉得这种短期睡眠的效果非常之后，就像别人说午睡不要超过30分钟一样。一旦你觉得有些疲劳，稍微休息一会的效果往往极好。
通过广播，podcast或者有声读物来了解新闻，扩展思维。很多人都会在路上带着mp3，我在这边校车上看到的老外也都是，至于听什么我就不知道了。我个人一般都是听广播或者podcast，这都靠我的Nokia N800，真的很好用。广播的话，我觉得现在的手机和mp3应该都支持了。不过说起来，我在国内的时候听广播很少，除了偶尔听听CRI。现在到了这边广播对于我来说，已经毕竟生活中必须的：第一，可以练习下听力，经常听到采访中各种各样的口音，这倒是其次，平时聊天效果来得更好；第二，了解这边发生的事情，自己城市附近的，美国这边的事情，如果你没有时间或者没有条件看电视，又不想上网看新闻的话，广播绝对是个不错的选择。podcast我一般是早上起床，打开N800，洗漱吃饭的过程之中，让它自己更新就好了，然后想听随时听。其实买个新的ipod nano或者itouch也不错，只是我用不着啦。
考虑一天的计划，总结一天的生活。每天都能好好计划以及总结一下是非常有必要的事情！如果你有比较好的习惯，相信你基本上每天都在做这件事情，就像GTD当中也会有类似的要求。你可以在早上的时候计划一下今天的日程。如果你已经制定好了的话，可以再次查看一下自己今天的日程，免得忘记什么事情，还可以对日程稍作修改；如果是在晚上回去的路上，当然是用来总结下今天的工作学习，看看还有哪些未完成的事情，并且考虑下晚上的学习或者放松。
构思一篇博客文章。这是自己突然想起来的一件事情，如果你正好有些想法想写点东西的话，不妨拿出纸笔（这些东西一定是随身携带的嘛！），甚至打开电脑也可以。把自己的思路和要点记录下来，等自己有空的时候再整理一下。这种习惯非常有必要，无论是乘车还是其他时候，脑中突然出现的想法，无论是做research的，还是音乐家艺术家，这种突然的灵感往往是能产生精品的。
读书或者看论文。我有的时候会在车上看书，通常是在很紧张的情况下，但多数情况下不会这么去做，而且早上我在车上见到的看书的人明显很少，当然是和晚上回来的时候相比。这算是我一个多月以来统计的结果，当然也有少数牛人早上在车上研究paper。说起来的话，无论是书，还是打印几页纸随身带着，有空的时候拿出来读读非常不错。晚上回来的时候，其实也就下午6点来钟，我有的时候会看看今天上课的笔记，利用车上的时间再想想里面的问题，而且这个时候在车上看书的人明显也多一些。
考虑下一会买什么菜，做什么饭。自从需要自己每天买菜做饭开始，这两件事情就成了我不得不考虑的事情了。与其回到家里花时间想吃什么好，还不如在路上就考虑清楚，回家马上动手。想想这件事情，至少在你需要买菜的时候可以及时去买菜；否则当你到家之后，看着空空的冰箱，摸着咕咕的肚子，唉，生活何其悲惨啊……还好我没有这样过，毕竟有常备面条一类的东西。
利用这些时间认识新朋友，和别人交流。这点真的很重要，多认识一个朋友，多和别人交流一点，能多获得太多的消息，尤其是在这边，个人的话还是要相对封闭一点。只是自己在车上的交流还是与中国人比较多啦，因为认识了之后碰上就会闲聊。其实你也可以和老外聊聊，如果你愿意的话，呵呵！local的新闻，天气的变化，选举的情况，超市的特价，总之你能获得的东西太多了，这种聊天非常有必要！

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四个月来的第一篇文章

Hugh — Tue, 09 Sep 2008 00:18:13 +0000

接近四个月的时间没有在博客上写过东西了，自己也从瑞典转战来到了美国，在美国这边已经开始正式上课了。既然一切已经安定了，自己觉得是时候回来继续博客了。如果说四个月的离开是因为“博客墙”的原因，那么我想自己还没有完全的走出来，因为昨晚自己还在想回来了写些什么呢，可是却始终没有答案。

因为我是那种会思考却很少想明白，更难说明白的人，笑来老师的想明白系列我算是看的深有感触。博客给了我一个表达的机会，一个废话的机会，我喜欢把自己想的东西表达出来，因为不喜欢说，又不善于写，所以就找到了这样一个方式。

转眼之间，距离自己的第一篇文章《开始自己的博客例程》已经一年多了，很不幸的让它在荒芜中度过了一岁生日。一年的时间，自己一共写了140多篇文章，留言也有了1000多条，更重要的是认识了不少的朋友，可惜在我自己消失的这段时间，也没有和这些朋友联系，不过很开心的是经常可以看到他们的文章，只是也四个月没有留言过了。

回过头来说写些什么的问题，这已经不是我第一次问自己了，我不敢说自己想明白了，但是现在的想法是：写自己感兴趣的东西，无论是什么，博客如果是写给别人看的，那就真的太累了。写作本应该是一件快乐的事情，当你想写想分享的时候，就写出来，不过不知道那些专门的作家是不是很快乐。“快乐博客”的口号好像很傻，还是不要提出来，自己心里知道就好了。

以前的时候，因为会有很多的时间，读硕士毕竟不会太紧张，压力也没有那么大，所以有时间每天看很多的新闻，阅读很多的RSS，也就会有很多的想法，想到什么看到什么就写出来了。现在可好，时间还是比较充裕，不过都留给了该死的书本，面对着qualify的压力，面对probability考试15个通过3个的比例，自己真的不敢放松了。于是除了上课的时间，自己多数是在办公室的桌子上，抱着一个大部头，狂写笔记，傻傻思考。为了避免身体垮下来，从今天开始我已经主动到学校的Gym跑步游泳了。

博客也不错，能让我暂时静下来，写点东西，思考点数学之外的事情。除此之外，还帮助了不少人，最近到我这里求电子书的人好多，只要哪天不要打击盗版把我抓了就好~ 另外学习中的问题还是很多，到了这个时候还在学习，还没想明白怎么学习，唉，以后少谈游戏，多谈学习吧!

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在瑞典申请美国F1签证经历

Hugh — Thu, 08 May 2008 09:22:47 +0000

Hugh已经消失了好多天了,其实4号就已经从荷兰回来了, 只不过最近几天一直在准备美国的签证,所以都没有更新博客。今天终于顺利签证回来了，专门总结一下在自己在瑞典签F1的经过，因为之前没有看到其他朋友写在瑞典的签经，所以希望自己总结的这些内容能对以后在瑞典签证的朋友有所帮助。

1.签证准备

虽然仔细研究了美国驻瑞典使馆的要求，不过自己还是按照国内的标准，准备了一些其他的材料，尽管最后都没有用到，不过准备的越仔细应该说自己也越有信心了。

到美国驻瑞典使馆的网页，链接在这里，找到Non-Imigrant Visa Unit，可以找到一个checklist，简单的列觉一下需要的材料：

护照
一张照片，要求贴到DS-156表格上
签证费的原始收据，就是去银行交钱时Bank Giro的那张单子
DS-156表格
DS-157表格
自己准备好信封，并且贴好面值61克朗的邮票
Pernsonbevis，自己去税务局开就好了
DS-158表格
财产证明
I-20表格
SEVIS交费证明

严格按照这个要求准备材料就好了，需要特别说明的几点是：

关于签证费的原始收据，直接去银行交钱。交完钱之后记得要收据，不同的银行可能稍有不同，Norder大概是75SEK，Handelsbanken是50SEK。我在门口看到有的哥们因为这个问题不让进，只好重新去开。如果不知道用瑞典语怎么填表格的话，看使馆上的样本。
关于照片，不像国内使馆旁边就有的照，瑞典找照相的地方仿佛挺难。准备照片的时候看好对于照片的要求，另外使馆有推荐的照相地点，列表在这里，瑞典很多城市都有。去了之后直接告诉老板，要照美国签证照片就好了，带好钱，真TM贵死了。。
Pensenbevis记得和税务局要”120-personbevis med alla relationer”，checklist上也有交待，我是不知道有什么区别了，直接要就好了。
另外还有个无罪证明，如果没有犯罪经历就不用准备了。

自己还准备了一些国内的朋友签证是都会准备的材料，不过这些根本都没有看，比如GT成绩单，学校的成绩单等等，不过建议大家都带上，万一用到呢！准备好这些材料之后需要预约一个签证时间，一般的周一到周四上午都是可以的，除了瑞典和美国的节假日之外。

2.签证过程

整个签证过程倒是水的很，主要介绍下在这边签证的流程。坐车过去很容易，从中心火车站出来的Sergels torg做69路到Ambassaderna就可以了，下车之后走上左侧的一个上坡的路，美国大使馆就在你的右手边。

进门之前要先排队，建议大家还是要去的越早越好，象我自己约的是9点钟签证，8点20多到了门口，前面大概有10多个人，结果进去之后发现已经9点半了，不过这个时间上不用担心，不会说因为你比预约的时间进去的要晚就怎么样，事实上进去之后还要等半天才轮到你。

进门之前需要你出示护照，DS-156表格，交费收据以及信封。尽管按照规定说不允许携带手机一类的电子产品以及大的背包，还警告说没有地方放，事实上安检的时候把东西都拿出来，和机场一样，没有问题之后这些东西都可以拿进去，不过自己只带了一个文件袋。

进门之后还要继续排队交材料，这个过程也要半天，会把checklist要求的所有材料都收上去，然后用个皮筋绑一下，这个搞定之后你就去坐着等你的名字被叫到就可以了。

等候室有40个左右的座位，还有个很大的电视一直在放CNN的新闻，以及很多的杂志在旁边，免得你等的太烦。一共是7个窗口，A到G，其中DEF是负责Nonimigrant Visa的。叫的顺序挺奇怪的，肯定不是按照交材料的顺序，似乎是签证类型还是什么。

下面就是自己和VO交流的过程，比较水：
( ……省略采指纹过程……）
VO: Let’s start your visa application. So, what do you study here in XXX?
ME: Scientific Computing
VO: Any difference with Computer Science?
ME: Yes, it’s different （被打断）
VO: What will you study in the US?
ME: Applied math and scientific computation.
VO: So it’s just going for further study in the same area?
ME: Yes.
VO: It’s a master or PhD?
ME: PhD.
VO: Your visa is approved..
ME: Thank you, sir!
基本就是这个样子了，不会给条之类的，直接转身走人就好了。我等待的过程中，有的人快有的人慢，不管什么类型的签证，只有我那个窗口前面的哥们谈了10多分钟，倒是让我小紧张。

3.签证结束

签证完了，当然是坐车回家了。对了，忘记说了，VO会把I-20还给你，剩下当然都留下了，护照会在一周之内用你准备好的信封给你寄回来，所以接下来的事情就是等待收到自己的护照了。

好啦，基本上就是这样的流程，在顺利签证之后，Hugh也会回来继续更新自己的博客，以及每天的VOA听写了。

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[VOA听写] 2008-04-29

Hugh — Tue, 29 Apr 2008 16:18:38 +0000

欢迎来到“杂乱的书桌”每天准时为你带来的VOA听写，本期的慢速VOA是环境问题的新闻第一部分，标准VOA则是美国大选的新闻的第二部分。还犹豫什么，赶紧和Hugh一起加入到学习英语，锻炼听写的队伍中来吧！

今天到了晚上才开始听写, 本来是想把明天的一起听写了的, 因为后面几天的听写都没法按时完成了. 明天去荷兰找同学玩, 到三号才回来, 正好明天是荷兰的女王节, 去看看到底是什么样子.

其实最近还是很忙的, 正好抽劳动节休息一下, 回来就要搞定美国的签证, 打算把在瑞典签证的经过写写, 好像还没看到有朋友介绍过, 我先去探路了. 这个月的博客总结估计也写不了了, 如果明天可能的话借同学的电脑试试. 提前祝大家节日快乐!

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题目: Seven Win Goldman Environmental Prize (1/2)

原文

This Tuesday is Earth Day. On April 22, 1970, millions of Americans took part in activities to bring attentions to the environment. Senator ~~Gayler Nilson~~Gaylord Nelson from Wisconsin had called~~calls~~ for a huge protest against pollution and other threats. And environmental movement was born, and Earth Day is now observed around the world. Last week, the seven winners of this year’s Goldman Environmental Prize were announced in San Francisco, California. Winners are chosen from each part of the world. The winners of the Goldman Prize for South and Central America are Pablo Fajardo and Luis Yanza in Ecuador. The two men are leading a major legal case against the Chevron Oil Company. It involved petroleum pollution in the Ecuadorian Amazon between 1964 and 1990. The case was brought against Texaco, Chevron bought that company in 2001. The winner of this year’s Goldman Prize for Africa is Feliciano dos Santosin Mozambique. He, and his band Massukos, use traditional music to educate villagers about the importance of clean water. He also works to bring better sanitation to poor villages.

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题目: Clinton Challenges Obama to Debate (1/2)

原文

Clinton is trailing Obama in delegates and in the popular vote, and she has been putting pressure on him to hold more debates before the May 6 primary elections in Indiana and in the southern state of North Carolina. On Saturday, Clinton called for a 90-minute debate without a moderator.
“I hope we will be able to have a good old-fashioned Lincoln-Douglas debate right here in Indiana, so that you can see for yourself to make the decision about who our next president should be.”
The style of debating where each side presents an argument gets its name from the 1858 debates in Illinois between US Senate Candidates Abraham Lincoln and Steven Douglas. Obama’s campaign ~~aids~~aides say they are studying the debate request. Obama has complained thatin the last debate on April 16th, the moderators focused too much on political trivia, and too little on real issues. Clinton told ~~the~~a crowd in South Bend, Indiana Saturday she is focusing on the substance of the issues while Obama is relying on style.
“I have been veryspecific, across Indiana and America to talk about solutions. Because my campaign is about solutions, not speeches. It is about working to make the changes that we know we must have.

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[VOA听写] 2008-04-27

Hugh — Sun, 27 Apr 2008 16:18:38 +0000

欢迎来到“杂乱的书桌”每天准时为你带来的VOA听写，本期的慢速VOA是美国经济计划的新闻第一部分，标准VOA则是石油价格的新闻的第二部分。还犹豫什么，赶紧和Hugh一起加入到学习英语，锻炼听写的队伍中来吧！

大概有五天的时间没有听写了，前三天是因为一门课的作业原因，忙得昏天黑地，干脆就把听写的事情给放弃了。昨天和前天却是一点都不想去做这件事情，不过今天又回来了。断断续续的听写，其实更加意识到自己在管理时间上的不足，也意识到自己实在意志力不坚定啊！前两天一个朋友在早起的那篇文章下面留言，说为什么早起也能写这么多，哎，实在是因为自己不像那个朋友那么强悍，想早起就可以早起……

今天的听写都比较容易，也没有太多好说的。前两天有朋友问我说自己都是怎么听写的，其实这个也挺简单的，不妨改天介绍一下。

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题目: The Candidates on the Economy (1/2)

专有名词: N/A

原文

High food and fuel prices, housing and credit problems, job losses, worries about a recession. No wonder the economy is a top issue for American voters. Senator John McCain says tax cuts are needed for growth. The Republican presidential candidate ~~said~~set out his economy plan in a speech this week in Pennsylvania. He would push congress to make President Bush’s tax cuts permanent, and he would aim to lower the top rate of income tax for businesses from 35 percent to 25 percent. In all, Senator McCain proposes about 200 billion dollars, ain new tax cut for businesses and individuals. To help pay for them, he would cut earmarks, those special interest projects added to spending bills. He would also hold federal spending at most agencies to current levels and cut wasteful programs. But many experts say it is unlikely these cuts would equal the cost of the tax cuts. The campaigns of Democrats Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton dismissed the McCain plan as a continuation of George Bush’s policies. Both Democrats say they are against tax cuts for the wealthy. They propose moderate cuts for the middle class.

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题目: Perfect Storm of Factors Driving Up Oil Prices, say Experts (2/3)

专有名词: Steve Hanke, Johns Hopkins University

原文

Who is right in this debate, the energy traders or OPEC? They both are, according to Steve Hanke, professor of Applied Economics at Johns Hopkins University and a senior fellow at the Washington-based Cato Institute. Hanke says without a doubt current demand for oil exceeds supply.

“We really had a surge in demand and a lot of this occurred as a result of rapid world growth, world growth has been increasing at a fairly high rate in the last 3 or 4 years, and to some extent ~~there~~it has been energy intensive in use, because we have had a fairly large increase in the middle class in a lot of these developing countries.”

But other factors contribute as well. Hanke says amid uncertainty and volatility in global stock markets, many investors have poured money into commodities, such as oil. This trend, combined with investor assumptions that oil prices will remain high, have helped boost prices further which has in turn fed more investor speculation in the market. Hanke says the weak US dollar does not help matters.

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[VOA听写] 2008-04-21

Hugh — Mon, 21 Apr 2008 05:18:38 +0000

欢迎来到“杂乱的书桌”每天准时为你带来的VOA听写，本期的慢速VOA是女性领袖的新闻第一部分，标准VOA则是环境问题的新闻的第二部分。还犹豫什么，赶紧和Hugh一起加入到学习英语，锻炼听写的队伍中来吧！

今天的慢速VOA前些天听过一次类似的内容，不过应该是在标准VOA当中，我不确定自己的记忆力是不是足够好。除了一些国家和人名之外，没有任何困难，相信大家在听多了写多了的情况下，这些名字也不成为问题了。

标准VOA听写的倒是不差，就是很多小的问题，比如单词的大小写，听写的时候确实顾不上这个，而且有的内容确实也不知道到底是应该大写还是小写。对于amounts to确实没有听出来，也没想到是这个词，继续坚持！

昨天休息了一天，没有听写，周末是应该稍微休息一下，否则真的很难一直连轴转，试着坚持保持一种很忙的状态，但是大概半个月之后会很疲劳，与其这样还不如定期让自己休息一下。比如多休息一会。

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题目: Five Women Honored in Washington for Global Leadership (1/2)

专有名词: Argentina, Burma, Kenya, United Arab Emirates, Poder Ciudadano, Laura Alonso, Charm Tong, Mariane Pearl, Daniel Pearl

原文

Five women were honored last week in Washington for their efforts to increase the economic and political progress of women. Vital Voices, an international nonprofit organization, presented its Global Leadership Awards to the winners from Argentina, Burma, France, Kenya and the United Arab Emirates. ~~L Alonso~~Laura Alonso heads a group in Argentina called ~~P C~~Poder Ciudadano, or Citizen Power. Its members work to make the government more open. They investigate corruption, observe elections and watch for government influence over the media. They also educate citizens about their rights. Burmese activist Charm Tong received Vital Voices’ human rights award, presented by first lady Laura Bush. Charm Tong co-founded the Shan Women’s Action Network. In a report six years ago, the group detailed how the Burmese military uses rape as a weapon against women and girls. Charm Tong also helped establish a school for ethnic Shan young people whose families live in exile in Thailand. Author and journalist Mariane Pearl of France was recognized for writing about women who work for change in their countries. She also wrote a book about the death of her husband, Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. He was kidnapped and killed in Pakistan in 2002.

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题目: Bush Sets New Targets for Curbing Growth in Gas Emissions (2/2)

专有名词: Barbara Boxer, Kyoto Protocol

原文

They note Congress is about to start work on new legislation dealing with the environment, and they stressed the 17 leading industrialized countries taking part in the Paris Negotiations this week hope to have an agreement by the end of next year, meaning the groundwork must be laid now. The president’s proposals fall far below European goals to reduce emissions and environmental activists say the position taken by the President ~~amongst~~amounts to too little, too late. Senator Barbara ~~Buckster~~Boxer, the Democrat who chairs the Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works, calls his approach the ~~hedge~~ of irresponsibility. But Mr. Bush defends it as realistic. The president warns climate change is a global problem and US action alone is not enough. He says other countries must come up with their own goals for cutting greenhouse gases. The Paris Talks on Thursday and Friday will address possible steps to protect the planet after the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012. The United States is the only major industrialized country that did not ratify the protocol, although emits more greenhouse gases than any other country.

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[VOA听写] 2008-04-19

Hugh — Sat, 19 Apr 2008 05:18:38 +0000

欢迎来到“杂乱的书桌”每天准时为你带来的VOA听写，本期的慢速VOA是信贷危机的新闻第一部分，标准VOA则是教皇访美的新闻的第二部分。还犹豫什么，赶紧和Hugh一起加入到学习英语，锻炼听写的队伍中来吧！

今天的慢速依然难度不大，有益的地方，在于一些金融领域内的词汇，大家可以试着记忆一下，免得和我第一次看到derivitive的时候还以为是导数呢！标准VOA当中应该说没有任何的口音问题，采访甚至更容易听写，因为语速要稍慢一些，播音员总是说的很快，什么时候我才能和他一样流利啊！

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题目: Loan Crisis Throws New Light

词汇: securities（证券）, mortgage（抵押）, stockbroker（股票经纪人）

原文

Investment banks have long played a part in the financial system. But the recent crisis over securities based on risky home loans has brought them new attention. Investment banks handle stocks, bonds and other securities. They underwrite new offerings. That means they take the risk of buying the securities and reselling them to the public. They also provide business advice and market research, and dealing existing securities. Investment bankers have structured some newer securities in highly complex ways. Their value could be tied to lists of stocks, or prices of goods, or as the world now knows groups of risky home loans. These ~~mortgage back~~mortgage-backed securities were sold to investors worldwide as a way to spread the risk. But as more and more loans went bad, the ~~markets~~market collapsed. Before the nineteen thirties, the United States had no separation between traditional banking and investment banking activities. Bank holding companies could own other financial companies that would underwrite new stocks. They would also provide stockbroker services for the public. People often bought shares with money borrowed from the banks.

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题目: Pope Benedict Begins US Visit (2/2)

词汇: Pope Benedict, Dana Perino, Catholic University, James Brennan, pontiff（教皇，主教）

原文

While the Pope and Mr. Bush differ on such issues as the Iraq war and the death penalty, they do find a common ground in opposing abortion and gay marriage. White House Press Secretary Dana ~~Perinal~~Perino.

“President Bush is very excited to have the Holy Father here. One of the reasons he is so excited is because he has established a bond with him. And they have a lot, they share a lot of common values.”

The formal greeting for the German-born Pope will come on Wednesday, when thousands of people are expected to welcome him at the White House. During ~~the~~his six-day visit, the Pope is scheduled to celebrate mass at large baseball stadiums, address the United Nations, meet leaders from other religions and pray ofat the site in New York of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. James Brennan is the provost of ~~the~~ Catholic University.

“I think he will also bring to all Americans a very positive message of hope and love which is the essential message of Jesus Christ.”

During his trip to the United States. Pope Benedict will mark 2 personal milestones. His 81st birthday is Wednesday and Saturday will mark the third anniversary of his election as pontiff.

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[VOA听写] 2008-04-18

Hugh — Fri, 18 Apr 2008 18:18:38 +0000

欢迎来到“杂乱的书桌”每天准时为你带来的VOA听写，本期的慢速VOA是美国数学教育的新闻第二部分，标准VOA则是教皇访美的新闻的第一部分。还犹豫什么，赶紧和Hugh一起加入到学习英语，锻炼听写的队伍中来吧！

今天又晚了！不过今天看到了两个朋友的留言，都说不要放弃应该坚持下去，谢谢你们的支持！我想自己是不会放弃的，不过由于最近感觉事情确实多，有点疲劳，不过VOA是一定会继续下去的。另外就是要坚持First Things First的原则，其实早上还是有时间能完成听写的，所以以后起来先做这件事情，新闻往后拖拖再看。

今天的标准VOA还是有不小的难度的，什么时候标准能听好了估计进步就不错了。准备继续坚持每天听写标准和慢速，最起码在这个月当中，下个月看看是不是把慢速换成别的什么内容来听写。另外，继续第八天没有发表任何文章……

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题目: Searching For Better Ways to Teach Math in US (1/2)

词汇: N/A

原文

Schools are urged to prepare more students to take algebra by the eighth grade. Many people think math success depends largely on natural talent or ability; the experts say it depends on effort. Studies have shown that children improve in math when they believe that their efforts to learn make them “smarter. ” The report also calls for strengthening the math preparation of elementary and middle school teachers. And it urges publishers to shorten math textbooks, which are often up to a thousand pages long. The panel ~~(says)~~said math books are much smaller in many nations where students do better in math than American children. Publishers say American textbooks have to meet the goals of different states for what should be taught in each grade. The report also calls for more research on the effects of using calculators. Many algebra teachers expressed concern about their use in the lower grades. And the report says gifted students who can move through the material much faster than others should be permitted to do so. The math panel says the educational system needs major changes. If not, it warns that the United States will lose the mathematical leadership it possessed during most of the twentieth century.

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题目: Pope Benedict Begins US Visit(1/2)

词汇: Pope Benedict（罗马教皇）, pedophile（恋童）, Monsignor Kevin Irwin, mortification, pilgrim

原文

Pope Benedict arrived at Andrews Air Force base outside Washington having directly addressed one of the toughest issues facing him during his first papal visit to the United States. On the flight from Rome, Benedict said the scandal involving sexual abuse of children by Catholic priests has caused great suffering for the church in America and for him personally. The pope says he is deeply ashamed by the scandal and ~~the pedfiles~~that pedophiles will be banned from ministry. The church has paid at least two billion to victims of abuse and hundreds of priests have been removed. ~~(Athonier)~~Monsignor Kevin Irwin, the dean of the school of Theology at Catholic University, says it will take a long time for wounds to heal.

“No one ~~(consult)~~can solve that crisis. It is gonna to be a lot of time and a lot of wounds and a lot of prayer and a lot of mortification. In one sense this crisis has brought the church back to its origins. We have to be a humble, pilgrim church. ”

President and Mrs. Bush along with their daughter Jenna made the unusual gesture of greeting Pope Benedict at the Air Force base, the first time the president has welcomed a foreign leader there.

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[VOA听写] 2008-04-17

Hugh — Thu, 17 Apr 2008 19:18:38 +0000

欢迎来到“杂乱的书桌”每天准时为你带来的VOA听写，本期的慢速VOA是数学教育的新闻第一部分，标准VOA则是关于韩国总统访美的新闻的第二部分。还犹豫什么，赶紧和Hugh一起加入到学习英语，锻炼听写的队伍中来吧！

对于慢速VOA，没什么难度，当然是你要知道加减乘除的英语怎么说，还有代数这样的词，相信多数人都知道这几个词。而标准VOA当中语速感觉有点快，听的时候稍微有些麻烦，一句话经常需要听很多遍才可以，尽管很费劲的听完了，不过错误还是可以，这也许就是进步？

今天因为早上一早去了英国使馆签证，所以早上就没有听完，到了晚上这才把标准VOA听了。好累啊，其实想每天都坚持做这么一件事情感觉没有那么容易，本来以为自己可以很容易的做到的，继续努力吧！现在仿佛进入一个奇怪的状态，就是不想听，哎……

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题目: Searching for Better Ways to Teach Math in US　(1/2)

专有名词: N/A

原文

A committee has released its final report on ways to improve math education for American students. President Bush created the National Mathematics Advisory Panel two years ago. The panel examined thousands of reports, along with survey results from more than seven hundred algebra teachers. Yet the report, released last month, is short on detailed advice. It says existing research does not show just what knowledge or skills are needed for effective math teaching. The solution? More research. The report does say basic math skills must be taught completely in the early years of school. Children should be able to add and subtract in the third grade. By the end of fifth grade, they should be able to multiply and divide. Teachers should avoid revisiting skills year after year. And, the experts say, it is wrong to think children are too young or not ready to learn certain content at certain ages. The report says a major goal for kindergarten through eighth grade should be understanding fractions. These skills are needed for algebra. Yet, the report says, at the present time they seem to be severely underdeveloped in American students.

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题目: S.Korean President Leaves For Summit Aimed At Better Ties With US, Japan

专有名词: Pyongyang（平壤）, Yu Myung-hwan, Singapore

原文

The North tested its first nuclear weapon in 2006, ~~(and)~~an event some say was made easier by the relatively uncritical transfers of billions of dollars worth of aid and investment from the South. President Lee, a conservative former ~~(cooperate)~~corporate chairman, says the South will continue to help the North, but only if Pyongyang cooperates on getting rid of its nuclear weapons. He says South Korea will persuade North Korea to give up its nuclear ~~(programs)~~program through ongoing six-nation diplomacy, and that the North must come to realize that ending its nuclear programs will be beneficial. North Korea is now nearly five months overdue in providing a declaration of its nuclear activities that it promised to produce by the end of last year. A recent U S-North Korea meeting in Singapore has fostered hope ~~(of)~~a breakthrough may be near. South Korean Foreign Minister Yu Myung-hwan says he hopes the negotiations can get back to a brisk pace. He says South Korea believes the multinational nuclear diplomacy needs to resume by next month, and that the six nations should ideally sign a new phase of a disarmament agreement by August.

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[VOA听写] 2008-04-16

Hugh — Wed, 16 Apr 2008 05:18:38 +0000

欢迎来到“杂乱的书桌”每天准时为你带来的VOA听写，本期的慢速VOA是中年腹部肥胖的新闻第二部分，标准VOA则是韩国总统访美的新闻的第一部分。还犹豫什么，赶紧和Hugh一起加入到学习英语，锻炼听写的队伍中来吧！

今天对照慢速VOA，看过去竟然没有红色的字，哈哈，实在是很开心。以往经常会出现一点小错误，或者其实不算做错误的错误，所以自己的一些听写习惯也在逐渐改变，比如说数字尽量按照英文敲出来，其实这样比我脑袋反应出数字快，也许脑袋太笨了。

至于标准VOA，有些地方挺郁闷的，韩国人的英语也有点奇怪，而且这段采访的声音偏小。对于the Republic of Korea，我怎么就听成above the Korea了呢。还有一些其他的地方，需要改进啊。已经有一周的时间没有写过别的内容了，就像上次说的，事情有些混乱，过几天写写感想。

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题目: Study Links Midlife Belly Fat to Higher Risk of Dementia (2/2)

专有名词: Neurology, dementia, Rachel Whitmer, Kaiser Permanente,

原文

Those with the highest belly measurements had almost three times the risk of dementia compared to those with the lowest. Belly size appeared to make a difference even in patients with normal body weight. Belly size is linked to a kind of fat that grows around organs and produces harmful substances.

Experts believe that belly fat is more dangerous than other kinds of fat cells that grow just under the skin. The researchers say this is the first study to demonstrate a link between midlife belly fat and the risk of dementia. Still, it is possible that this apparent connection could be the result of a complex set of health-related behaviors. The findings appeared in the journal Neurology.

Rachel Whitmer from the Kaiser Permanente research division led the study. She says the findings do not explain why belly fat may be linked to dementia. But she says the study should send a warning. Other research has shown that brain changes linked to Alzheimer’s disease might begin as early as young adulthood. And another study showed that belly fat in old people was tied to increased loss of brain cells.

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题目: S.Korean President Leaves For Summits Aimed At Better Ties With US, Japan

专有名词: Han Seung-soo, Lee Myung-bak

原文

South Korean Prime Minister Han Seung-soo told reporters Monday in Seoul that President Lee Myung-bak’s summit trip to Washington is about “re-energizing” and “reconsolidating” the alliance between the two countries. He also ~~(cautions to)~~cautioned North Korea not to attempt to exclude South Korea from any deal aimed at ending the North’s nuclear weapons programs.

“Our relationship with the United States is very strong. We’ve been ~~(alliance)~~allies for many, many years. So ~~(boycott)~~going to the United States over the shoulder of Korea, ~~(above)~~the Republic of Korea, will not succeed.”

Han’s words echoed those of President Lee himself, who held a nationally televised news conference Sunday before departing Monday for the United States. Mr. Lee says North Korea will be a key topic in his talks with President Bush at the Camp David retreat in Maryland. He says ~~(compare)~~compared to previous South Korean administrations, his government will be more active in closely coordinating policy on North Korea with the United States. Some experts have criticized Mr. Lee’s two most recent predecessors for seeking engagement and peaceful economic cooperation with the North at the expense of the alliance with the United States.

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[VOA听写] 2008-04-15

Hugh — Tue, 15 Apr 2008 05:18:38 +0000

欢迎来到“杂乱的书桌”每天准时为你带来的VOA听写，本期的慢速VOA是中年腹部肥胖的新闻第一部分，标准VOA则是关于布什谈伊拉克的新闻的第二部分。还犹豫什么，赶紧和Hugh一起加入到学习英语，锻炼听写的队伍中来吧！

今天早上没有来得及最后修改发布，所以又晚了一点。这几天有些混乱，好像事情有些杂乱，搞的心情不太好，尽管事情还是按部就班，不过感觉有些事情进步似乎很小，或者是自己根本感觉不到进步，这真的是挺郁闷的事情，当然不是指VOA听写了。今天的听写也不难，忽略掉那些非常奇怪的词汇的话，不过听多了写多了还是能记住几个的。

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题目: Study Links Midlife Belly Fat to Higher Risk of Dementia　(1/2)

专有名词: Dementia, Alzheimer, Kaiser Permanente

原文

Being overweight can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes and heart attacks. But now there may be another reason to lose the fat, especially around the middle of the body. A recent study suggested that people in their forties with belly fat have an increased risk of dementia later in life. Dementia is the name for a group of brain disorders that affect memory, behavior, learning and language.

~~(Osihimer)~~Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause. Dementia rarely appears before the age of sixty. The new study added to growing evidence that people with large stomachs can face greater health risks than others who are overweight. The study involved more than six thousand northern California members of ~~(Kizer Permanenty)~~Kaiser Permanente, a health care organization.

Researchers looked at the patients’ medical records from between nineteen sixty-four and nineteen seventy-three. The people were in their early to mid-forties at the time. They were all part of a long-term health study that included measurements of belly fat. The researchers compared the records with those from when the patients were in their seventies. By that time, almost one out of six of them ~~(have)~~had dementia. The researchers found that dementia was more common in those with wider bellies.

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题目: Bush Says Iraqi Security Improving (2/2)

专有名词: al-Qaida, Iran, Kentucky, John Yarmuth, Afghanistan

原文

Troops ~~(deployed)~~deploying to Iraq or Afghanistan after August 1st will have their tour of duty reduced from 15 months to 12 months. The war in Iraq is deeply unpopular in the United States. A majority of Americans now believe toppling Saddam Hussein was a mistake. A public opinion poll by the Associated Press this past week showed nearly two-thirds of Americans disapprove of how President Bush is handling the war. In the Democratic party’s radio address, Kentucky Congressman John ~~(Yama)~~Yarmuth focused on the continuing cost of the war, which the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office says it is as much as 9 billion a month. ~~(Yama)~~Yarmuth says Iraq’s government is enjoying a multi-billion dollar surplus while Americans pay the salaries of Iraqi security forces. President Bush this past week said there is no doubt the cost of the war is great, but he said it is a modest fraction of the nation’s wealth and is a burden worth bearing because Iraq is a focal point for what he called the greatest threat to America, al-Qaida and Iran.

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